Saladino

Saladino

Saladino, arabo: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شادى بن مروان , Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf b. Ayyūb b. Shādī b. Marwān, o più sinteticamente, in arabo: صلاح الدّين الأيّوبي, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbi e in turco Selahaddin Eyyubi (Tikrit, 1138 – Damasco, 3 marzo 1193), è stato un Sultano d'Egitto e Siria e Hijaz, dal 1174 alla sua morte, col laqab di al-Malik al-Nāṣir ("il sovrano vittorioso"). Ha fondato la dinastia degli Ayyubidi ed è considerato tra i più grandi strateghi di tutti i tempi.

Saladin

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎; Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی , Selahedînê Eyûbî; Turkish: Selahattin Eyyubi) (1137/1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish[1][2][3] origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and other parts of North Africa.

Originally sent to Fatimid Egypt by his Zengid lord Nur ad-Din in 1163, Saladin climbed the ranks of the Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against Crusader assaults on its territory and his personal closeness to the caliph al-Adid. When Saladin's uncle Shirkuh died in 1169, al-Adid appointed Saladin vizier, a rare nomination of a Sunni Muslim to such an important position in the Shia Muslim-led caliphate. During his term as vizier, Saladin began to undermine the Fatimid establishment and following al-Adid's death in 1171, he took over government and realigned the country's allegiance with the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate. In the following years, he led forays against the Crusaders in Palestine, ordered the successful conquest of Yemen and staved off pro-Fatimid rebellions in Upper Egypt.

Not long after the death of Nur ad-Din in 1174, Saladin personally led the conquest of Syria, peacefully entering Damascus at the request of its ruler. By mid-1175, Saladin had conquered Hama and Homs, inviting the animosity of his former Zengid lords, who had been the official rulers of Syria. Soon after, he defeated the Zengid army in battle and was thereafter proclaimed the "Sultan of Egypt and Syria" by the Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi. He made further conquests in northern Syria and Jazira and escaped two attempts on his life by the Assassins, before returning to Egypt in 1177 to address issues in Egypt. By 1182, Saladin completed the conquest of Syria after capturing Aleppo, but ultimately failed in taking over the Zengid stronghold of Mosul.

Under Saladin's personal leadership, the Ayyubid army defeated the Crusaders at the decisive Battle of Hattin in 1187, leading the way to the Muslims' re-capture of Palestine from the Crusaders who had conquered it 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for an extended period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslim powers of the region. Saladin has become a prominent figure in Muslim, Arab, and Kurdish culture.[4] His reportedly noble and chivalrous behavior was noted, even by Christian chroniclers, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he purportedly won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade.[5] In 1193 he died in Damascus, having given much of his wealth to his subjects. Saladin is buried in a mausoleum adjacent to theUmayyad Mosque.

صلاح الدين الأيوبي

الملك الناصر أبو المظفر صلاح الدين والدنيا يوسف بن أيوب (532 - 589 هـ / 1138 - 1193 م)، المشهور بلقب صلاح الدين الأيوبي قائد عسكري أسس الدولة الأيوبية التي وحدت مصر والشام والحجاز وتهامة واليمن في ظل الراية العباسية، بعد أن قضى على الخلافة الفاطمية التي استمرت 262 سنة.[1] قاد صلاح الدين عدّة حملات ومعارك ضد الفرنجة وغيرهم من الصليبيين الأوروبيين في سبيل استعادة الأراضي المقدسة التي كان الصليبيون قد استولوا عليها في أواخر القرن الحادي عشر، وقد تمكن في نهاية المطاف من استعادة معظم أراضي فلسطين ولبنان بما فيها مدينة القدس، بعد أن هزم جيش بيت المقدس هزيمة منكرة في معركة حطين.

كان صلاح الدين مسلمًا متصوفًا [2] اتبع المذهب السني والطريقة القادرية،[3] وبعض العلماء كالمقريزي، وبعض المؤرخين المتأخرين قالوا: إنه كان أشعريًا، وإنه كان يصحب علماء الصوفية الأشاعرة لأخذ الرأي والمشورة، وأظهر العقيدة الأشعرية.[4] يشتهر صلاح الدين بتسامحه ومعاملته الإنسانية لأعدائه، لذا فهو من أكثر الأشخاص تقديرًا واحترامًا في العالمين الشرقي الإسلامي والأوروبي المسيحي، حيث كتب المؤرخون الصليبيون عن بسالته في عدد من المواقف، أبرزها عند حصاره لقلعة الكرك في مؤاب، وكنتيجة لهذا حظي صلاح الدين باحترام خصومه لا سيما ملك إنكلترا ريتشارد الأول "قلب الأسد"، وبدلاً من أن يتحول لشخص مكروه في أوروبا الغربية، استحال رمزًا من رموز الفروسية والشجاعة، وورد ذكره في عدد من القصص والأشعار الإنگليزية والفرنسية العائدة لتلك الحقبة.